The deal comes ahead of MSPO, one of Europe's three largest international defence-industry fairs, where Canada is this year's lead partner nation.
The agreement was signed by Poland's Deputy Prime Minister and Defence Minister Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz and Canada's Defence Minister David J. McGuinty.
It covers joint army drills, training and industry cooperation, as well as coordination on strategic security issues.
Kosiniak-Kamysz said Polish troops would take part in military exercises in the Arctic, describing the cooperation as particularly important given Canada's expertise in operating in polar conditions.
"We will learn, cooperate and train together," he explained.
Kosiniak-Kamysz described relations between the two countries as "the best in their history," citing Canada's large Polish diaspora as one of the factors behind the close ties.
McGuinty said Poland and Canada shared a long-standing friendship based on peace, democracy and the rule of law.
He noted that the new memorandum builds on the strategic partnership agreed by the two countries' prime ministers just over a year ago and will expand cooperation in defence industry, military interoperability, training and strategy.
Canada is this year's lead partner nation at MSPO, sending a delegation of nearly 500 people.
More than 200 organisations from the country are represented at the fair, including over 90 exhibitors in the Canadian national pavilion.
A separate agreement on the sale of Polish defence equipment, including drones, to Canada is expected to be finalised on Tuesday.
Canada is the only non-European country with an agreement giving its companies wider access to SAFE, the EU's EUR 150 billion loan scheme for joint defence purchases.
(ał)
Source: IAR, PAP