Midfielder Przemysław Frankowski and captain Robert Lewandowski scored for Poland against the visitors at the National Stadium in Warsaw.
The match marked the Polish team's final international fixture this year.
Goalkeeper Marcin Bułka made a string of spectacular saves to deny the visiting side on his international debut for Poland on Tuesday night.
Poland are ranked 31st worldwide by football's governing body FIFA, while Latvia are No. 132 in the FIFA table.
The Polish team last week drew 1-1 with the Czech Republic in its last Euro 2024 qualifier, missing out on a chance to qualify directly for the European tournament next year.
The Poles failed to impress and will now be looking to secure a spot in Euro 2024 through playoffs in March.
Poland won 11 points from eight matches and finished third in their qualifying Group E, which also included Albania, Moldova and the Faroe Islands.
The Euro 2024 tournament will be held from June 14 to July 14 in 10 cities in Germany, with the final played at Berlin's Olympiastadion.
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Source: IAR, PAP, Polsat Sport
Click on the audio player above for a report by Radio Poland's Marcin Matuszewski.