Both goals at the National Stadium in Warsaw came from striker Karol Świderski.
He scored the opening goal in the 27th minute, after a series of defensive errors by Malta, and doubled the lead in the 51st minute, on an assist from midfielder Jakub Moder.
The match was played in front of a crowd of 45,872, state news agency PAP reported.
Poland are ranked 35th worldwide by football's governing body FIFA, while Malta are No. 168 in the FIFA table.
The Polish team will now take on Finland in its next World Cup qualifying fixture in Helsinki on June 10.
The Poles opened their 2026 World Cup qualifying campaign with a 1-0 home win against Lithuania last Friday.
Poland’s qualifying Group G also includes the Netherlands.
The 2026 World Cup will be held from June 11 to July 19, 2026 in the United States, Canada and Mexico. It will feature a total of 48 teams, 16 more than in Qatar 2022.
Poland reached the last 16 of the 2022 World Cup in Qatar before being eliminated by eventual runners-up France.
Poland failed to advance to the knockout phase of the 2018 World Cup in Russia, after losing 1-2 to Senegal and 0-3 to Colombia in the group stage. The Poles won their final game, beating Japan 1-0, but finished bottom of their Group H.
Poland finished third in the 1974 World Cup in West Germany and were also third in Spain in 1982.
(gs)
Source: TVP Sport, IAR, PAP