The awards were presented jointly with the sports newspaper Przegląd Sportowy during a ceremony at the Silesian Stadium in the southern city of Chorzów on Friday.
Kazimierska finished second in the women's 1,500m at the European Championships in Birmingham and also won the event at the Diamond League final in Brussels.
Szymański is the world indoor champion and won bronze in the men's 110m hurdles at the European Championships in Birmingham.
His coach, Mikołaj Justyński, was named the 2026 coach of the year.
Anastazja Kuś, the world under-20 champion in the women's 400m, was singled out for praise in the "Polish athletics hope" category.
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Source: IAR/PAP