The appointment, announced by the Russian defence ministry on Saturday, marks Moscow's third senior military appointment in the space of a week after a series of setbacks in its military campaign in Ukraine, the Reuters news agency reported.
Surovikin's promotion comes amid growing criticism of President Vladimir Putin's top military brass, according to Polish news outlets.
It follows the reported firing of the commanders of two of Russia's five military regions, according to Reuters.
Surovikin has led Russia's Aerospace Forces since 2017, Polish state news agency PAP reported.
According to the Russian defence ministry, he commanded a division stationed in Chechnya in 2004 and was awarded a medal for his service in Syria in 2017.
Sunday is day 229 of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
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Source: PAP, Reuters